DURKHEIM:
CRIME IS NOT PATHOLOGICAL: IT IS A NORMAL PART OF ALL SOCIETIES (INEVITABLE)
AS CONFORMITY INCREASES, INCREASINGLY MINOR INFRACTIONS ARE TREATED WITH GREATER SERIOUSNESS
NOT A GOOD THING WHEN THE CRIME RATE DROPS: ASSOCIATED WITH SOCIAL DISORDERS
MARX:
- THE HISTORY OF SOCIETY IS TO BE UNDERSTOOD IN TERMS OF CLASS STRUGGLE
- THE STATE DOES NOT LOOK FOR THE SOURCE OF SOCIAL EVILS IN THE NATURE OF THE STATE, BUT IN PARTICULAR FORMS OF THE STATE, WHICH IT SEEKS TO REPLACE WITH OTHER FORMS
- WE HAVE EXCHANGED THE AGE OF SLAVERY FOR AN AGE OF WAGE SLAVES
- POLITICAL PHILOSOPHERS WHO POSIT MAN AS ATOMISTIC ACTORS HAVE MISSED THE BOAT: MAN IS NOT AN ABSTRACTION, BUT AN ACTOR OF SENSE WHO SEEKS TO ADVANCE HIS OWN ENDS
- LAW IS THE EXPRESSION OF THE WILL OF THE DOMINATING CLASS
BECKER:
- DEVIANTS ARE NOT A HOMOGENEOUS GROUP
- DEVIANCE IS NOT AN INHERENT CONCEPT: IT DEPENDS ON HOW OTHERS REACT TO BEHAVIOR
- THE ENFORCEMENT OF RULES DEPENDS ON FOUR THINGS: (1) SOMEONE MUST TAKE INITIATIVE TO ENFORCE IT (2) ENFORCED WHEN THOSE WHO WANT RULE ENFORCED PUBLICLY BRING TO ATTENTION OF OTHERS (3) PEOPLE SEE ADVANTAGE IN WHISTLE BLOWING (4) PERSONAL INTEREST IN WHISTLEBLOWING VARIES ACROSS SITUATIONS
- RULE CREATORS: REFORMERS AND CRUSADERS: ENDS DRIVEN: GOVT, PSYCHIATRY, CHURCH
- RULE ENFORCERS: COPS: NOT ABOUT ZEALOUS STAMPING OUT, ABOUT DOING JOB
- ENFORCERS MUST SIMULTANEOUSLY SHOW EFFICACY AND THAT PROBLEM STILL EXISTS
- HUGE VARIABILITY IN RESPONSE
ERIKSON:
- ANOMIC OR DISORGANIZED SETTINGS WITH DEVIANCE, NORM DEMANDS CONFLICTING: NORMAL RESPONSE TO ABNORMAL CIRCUMSTANCES
- DEVIANCE AS A CONFERRED STATUS
- SELECTIVE SCREENING PROCESS
- DEVIANCE NOT ALWAYS A BAD THING: NOT NECESSARILY HARMFUL TO GROUP LIFE
- NORM: LIKE ARTICLE OF COMMON LAW, BUILT UP OVER TIME, USUALLY NOT A LAW
- DEVIANCE IS A HUGE FOCUS OF THE MEDIA
- DEVIANCE IS A CHANCE TO CONFRONT THE SHAPE OF THE DEVIL
- VERY CEREMONIAL ASPECT: TRIAL, CONFERRAL OF A ROLE
- SOME PLACES AND TIMES WITH EPISODIC DEVIANCE (MARDI GRAS, HOGMANY)
- INTERESTING QUESTIONS ABOUT REINTRODUCTION INTO SOCIETY